The working mechanism, manufacturing process, performance, and applications of different artificial muscles are described and compared with those of conventional actuators. This review paper describes the evolution of mechanical actuators from conventional technologies such as electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic actuators, to bioinspired artificial muscles. In the past few decades, extensive research activities in the fields of materials science and smart materials have led to the development of a novel type of actuator known as artificial muscles. Since the 1990s, advancements in the fields of robotics and automation have produced a critical need for the development of lightweight and efficient actuators capable of human-like motion. Mechanical actuators are defined as mechanical devices that convert an input energy into motion.
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